Technical Research Paper

Comparative Analysis of Cybersecurity Standards: Governance versus Engineering Orientations
Citations (22) References (20) Figures (2)
Abstract
This whitepaper evaluates the extent to which widely used ISO/IEC and NIST publications are applied in practice, distinguishing governance-oriented guidance from engineering-oriented technical standards. ISO and NIST remain essential baselines for governance, risk management, and program oversight. Still, they do not consistently define engineering inputs, measurable outputs, or verification and validation expectations that are required to build defensible architectures. Using five measurement criteria, Technical Specificity, Verifiability, Artifact Output, Granularity, and Lifecycle Integration, and a repeatable scoring method, we compute a composite Engineering Orientation Index and map the results to a quadrant with clearly defined X- and Y-axis definitions. The analysis shows a persistent gap between governance baselines and engineering implementation. The Defensible 10 Standards (D10S) are positioned as the engineering layer that operationalizes baseline intent into measurable requirements, technical specifications, and verification and validation evidence for cybersecurity architecture and engineering practice. This is a coexistence model, not a replacement.
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